51. Powers of Court to enforce execution? Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed, the Court may, on the application of the decree-holder, order execution of the decree?

(a) by delivery of any property specifically decreed;

(b) by attachment and sale or by the sale without attachment of any property;

(c) by arrest and detention in prison [31][for such period not exceeding the period specified in section 58, where arrest and detention is permissible under that section];

(e) in such other manner as the nature of the relief granted may require:

Provided that, where the decree is for the payment of money, execution by detention in prison shall not be ordered unless, after giving the judgment-debtor an opportunity of showing cause why he should not be committed to prison, the Court, for reasons recorded in writing, is satisfied?

(a) that the judgment-debtor, with the object or effect of obstructing or delaying the execution of the decree,?

(i) is likely to abscond or leave the local limits of the jurisdiction of the Court, or

(ii) has, after the institution of the suit in which the decree was passed, dishonestly transferred, concealed, or removed any part of his property, or committed any other act of bad faith in relation to his property, or

(b) that the judgment-debtor has, or has had since the date of the decree, the means to pay the amount of the decree or some substantial part thereof and refuses or neglects or has refused or neglected to pay the same, or

(c) that the decree is for a sum for which the judgment-debtor was bound in a fiduciary capacity to account.

Explanation.?In the calculation of the means of the judgment-debtor for the purposes of clause (b), there shall be left out of account any property which, by or under any law or custom having the force of law for the time being in force, is exempt from attachment in execution of the decree.

Uttar Pradesh? In section 51 of the Code Clause (bb) shall be inserted after clause (b).

"(bb) by transfer other than sale by attachment or without attachment of any property"

52. Enforcement of decree against legal representative? (1) Where a decree is passed against a party as the legal representative of a deceased person, and the decree is for the payment of money out of the property of the deceased, it may be executed by the attachment and sale of any such property.

(2) Where no such property remains in the possession of the judgment-debtor and he fails to satisfy the Court that he has duly applied such property of the deceased as is proved to have come into his possession, the decree may be executed against the judgment-debtor to the extent of the property in respect of which he has failed so to satisfy the Court in the same manner as if the decree had been against him personally.

53. Liability of ancestral property? For the purposes of section 50 and section 52, property in the hands of a son or other descendant which is liable under Hindu law for the payment of the debt of a deceased ancestor, in respect of which a decree has been passed, shall be deemed to be property of the deceased which has come to the hands of the son or other descendant as his legal representative.

54. Partition of estate or separation of share? Where the decree is for the partition of an undivided estate assessed to the payment of revenue to the Government, or for the separate possession of a share of such an estate, the partition of the estate or the separation of the share shall be made by the Collector or any gazetted subordinate of the Collector deputed by him in this behalf, in accordance with the law (if any) for the time being in force relating to the partition, or the separate possession shares, of such estates.

55. Arrest and detention? (1) A judgment-debtor may be arrested in execution of a decree at any hour and on any day, and shall, as soon as practicable, be brought before the Court, and his detention may be in the civil prison of the district in which the Court ordering the detention is situate, or, where such civil prison does not afford suitable accommodation, in any other place which the State Government may appoint for the detention of persons ordered by the Courts of such district to be detained:

Provided, firstly, that, for the purpose of making an arrest under this section, no dwelling-house shall be entered after sunset and before sunrise :

Provided, secondly, that no outer door of a dwelling-house shall be broken open unless such dwelling-house is in the occupancy of the judgment-debtor and he refuses or in any way prevents access thereto, but when the officer authorised to make the arrest has duly gained access to any dwelling-house, he may break open the door of any room in which he has reason to believe the judgment-debtor is to be found :

Provided, thirdly, that, if the room is in the actual occupancy of a woman who is not the judgment-debtor and who according to the customs of the country does not appear in public, the officer authorised to make the arrest shall give notice to her that she is at liberty to withdraw, and, after allowing a reasonable time for her to withdraw and giving her reasonable facility for withdrawing, may enter the room for the purpose of making the arrest :

Provided, fourthly, that, where the decree in execution of which a judgment-debtor is arrested, is a decree for the payment of money and the judgment-debtor pays the amount of the decree and the costs of the arrest to the officer arresting him, such officer shall at once release him.

(2) The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare that any person or class of persons whose arrest might be attended with danger or inconvenience to the public shall not be liable to arrest in execution of a decree otherwise than in accordance with such procedure as may be prescribed by the State Government in this behalf.

(3) Where a judgment-debtor is arrested in execution of a decree for the payment of money and brought before the Court, the Court shall inform him that he may apply to be declared an insolvent, and that he may be discharged, if he has not committed any act of bad faith regarding the subject of the application and if he complies with provisions of the law of insolvency for the time being in force.

(4) Where a judgment-debtor express his intention to apply to be declared an insolvent and furnishes security, to the satisfaction of the Court, that he will within one month so apply, and that he will appear, when called upon, in any proceeding upon the application or upon the decree in execution of which he was arrested, the Court may release him from arrest, and, if he fails so to apply and to appear, the Court may either direct the security to be realised or commit him to the civil prison in execution of the decree.

56. Prohibition of arrest or detention of women in execution of decree for money? Notwithstanding anything in this Part, the Court shall not order the arrest or detention in the civil prison of a woman in execution of a decree for the payment of money.

57. Subsistence allowance? The State Government may fix scales, graduated according to rank, race and nationality, of monthly allowances payable for the subsistence of judgment-debtors.

58. Detention and release? (1) Every person detained in the civil prison in execution of a decree shall be so detained,?

(a) where the decree is for the payment of a sum of money exceeding [32][one thousand rupees, for a period not exceeding three months, and]

[33] [(b) where the decree is for the payment of a sum of money exceeding five hundred rupees, but not exceeding one thousand rupees, for a period not exceeding six weeks :]

Provided that he shall be released from such detention before the expiration of the [34][said period of detention]?

(i) on the amount mentioned in the warrant for his detention being paid to the officer in charge of the civil prison, or

(ii) on the decree against him being otherwise fully satisfied, or

(iii) on the request of the person on whose application he has been so detained, or

(iv) on the omission by the person, on whose application he has been so detained, to pay subsistence allowance :

Provided, also, that he shall not be released from such detention under clause (ii) or clause (iii), without the order of the Court.

[35] [(1A) For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that no order for detention of the judgment-debtor in civil prison in execution of a decree for the payment of money shall be made, where the total amount of the decree does not exceed five hundred rupees.]

(2) A judgment-debtor released from detention under this section shall not merely by reason of his release be discharged from his debt, but he shall not be liable to be re-arrested under the decree in execution of which he was detained in the civil prison.

59. Release on ground of illness? (1) At any time after a warrant for the arrest of a judgment-debtor has been issued the Court may cancel it on ground of his serious illness.

(2) Where a judgment-debtor has been arrested, the Court may release him if, in its opinion, he is not in a fit state of health to be detained in the civil prison.

(3) Where a judgment-debtor has been committed to the civil prison, he may be released therefrom,?

(a) by the State Government, on the ground of the existence of any infectious or contagious disease, or

(b) by the committing Court, or any Court to which that Court is subordinate, on the ground of his suffering from any serious illness.

(4) A judgment-debtor released under this section may be re-arrested, but the period of his detention in the civil prison shall not in the aggregate exceed that prescribed by section 58.

[36][60. Property liable to attachment and sale in execution of decree? (1) The following property is liable to attachment and sale in execution of a decree, namely, lands, houses or other buildings, goods, money, banknotes, cheques, bills of exchange, hundis, promissory notes, Government securities, bonds or other securities for money, debts, shares in corporation and, save as hereinafter mentioned, all other saleable property, movable or immovable, belonging to the judgment-debtor, or over which, or the profits of which, he has a disposing power which he may exercise for his own benefit,whether the same be held in the name of the judgment-debtor or by another person in trust for him or on his behalf :

Provided that the following particulars shall not be liable to such attachment or sale, namely:?

(a) the necessary wearing-apparel, cooking vessels, beds and bedding of the judgment-debtor, his wife and children, and such personal ornaments as, in accordance with religious usage, cannot be parted with by any woman;

(b) tools of artisans, and, where the judgment-debtor is an agriculturist, his implements of husbandry and such cattle and seed-grain as may, in the opinion of the court, be necessary to enable him to earn his livelihood as such, and such portion of agricultural produce or of any class of agricultural produce as may have been declared to be free from liability under the provisions of the next following section;

(c) houses and other buildings (with the materials and the sites thereof and the land immediately appurtenant thereto and necessary for their enjoyment) belonging to [37][an agriculturist or a labourer or a domestic servant] and occupied by him;

(e) a mere right to sue for damages;

(g) stipends and gratuities allowed to pensioners of the government [38][or of a local authority or of any other employer] or payable out of any service pension fund notified in the Official Gazette by the Central Government or the State government in this behalf, and political pension;

(h) the wages of labourers and domestic servants, whether payable in money or in kind;

(i) salary to the extent of the first [39][four hundred rupees] and two third of the remainder] in execution of any decree other than a decree for maintenance.

[40] [Provided that where any part of such portion of the salary as is liable to attachment has been under attachment, whether continuously or intermittently, for a total period of twenty-four months, such portion sail be exempt from attachment until the expiry of a further period of twelve months, and, where such attachment has been made in execution of one and the same decree, shall, after the attachment has continued for a total period of twenty-four months, be finally exempt from attachment in execution of that decree.]

[41] [(ia) one-third of the salary in execution of any decree for maintenance;]

[42][(j) the pay and allowances of persons to whom the Air Force Act, 1950 (45 of 1950), or the Army Act, 1950 (46 of 1950), or the Navy Act (62 of 1957), applies;]

(k) all compulsory deposits and other sums in or derived from and fund to which the Provident funds Act, 1925, (19 of 1925), for the time being applies in so far as they are declared by the said Act not to be liable to attachment;

[43] [(ka) all deposits and other sums in or derived from any fund to which the Public Provident Fund Act, 1968 (23 of 1968) for the time being applies in so far as they are declared by the said Act as not to be liable to attachment;

(kb) all moneys payable under a policy of insurance on the life of the judgment-debtor;

(kc) the interest of a lessee of a residential building to which the provisions of law for the time being in force relating to control of rents and accommodation apply;]

(1) any allowance forming part of the emoluments of any servant of the Government or of any servant of a railway company or local authority which the appropriate Government may by notification in the Official Gazette declare to be exempt from attachment, and any subsistence grant for allowance made to any such servant while under suspension;

(m) an expectancy of succession by survivorship or other merely contingent or possible right or interest;

(o) any allowance declared by any Indian law to be exempt from liability to attachment or sale in execution of a decree; and

(p) where the judgment-debtor is a person liable for the payment of land-revenue; any movable property which, under any law for the time being applicable to him, is exempt from sale for the recovery of an arrears of such revenue.

[44] [Explanation I.? The moneys payable in relation to the matters mentioned in clauses (g), (h), (i), (ia), (j), (1) and (o) are exempt from attachment or sale, whether before or after they are actually payable, and, in the case of salary, the attachable portion thereof is liable to attachment, whether before or after it is actually payable].

Explanation II.? [45][In clauses (1) and (ia)], "salary" means the total monthly emoluments, excluding any allowance declared exempt from attachment under the provisions of clause (1) derived by a person from his employment whether on duty or on leave].

Explanation [46][III]?In Clause (l), "appropriate Government" means?

(i) as respect any person in the service of the Central Government, or any servant of a Railway Administration or of a cantonment authority or of the port authority of a major port, the Central Government;

(ii) as respects any other [47][servant of the Government] or a servant of any other local authority skilled the State Government.

[48][Explanation IV.?For the purposes of this proviso, "wages", includes bonus, and labourer" includes a skilled/unskilled or semi-skilled labourer.

Explanation V.?For the purposes of this proviso, the expression "agriculturist" means a person who cultivates land personally and who depends for his livelihood mainly on the income from agricultural land, whether as owner, tenant, partner or agricultural labourer.

Explanation VI.?For the purposes of Explanation V, an agriculturist shall be deemed to cultivate land personally, if he cultivates land?

(b) by the labour of any member of his family, or

(c) by servants or labourers on wages payable in case or in kind (not being as a share of the produce), or both.]

[49] (1A) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, an agreement by which a person agrees to waive the benefit on any exemption under this section shall be void.]

(2) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to exempt houses and other buildings (with the materials and the sites thereof and the land immediately appurtenant thereto and necessary for their enjoyment) from attachment or sale in execution of decrees for rent of any such house, building, site or land.

Andhra Pradesh? In its application to Andhra area of the State of Andhra Pradesh in section 60(1) clause (g) of the proviso after the words "pensioners of the Government" the words "or a local authority" shall be inserted

[C.P.C. (Andhra Pradesh) (Andhra area) Amendment Act 1950]

In its application to whole of State of A.P. in proviso to sub-section (1) of section 60.

(i) after clause (k) the following shall be inserted.

"(kk) amount payable under policies issued in pursuance of the Rules for the Andhra Pradesh Govt. life Insurance and Provident Fund".

(ii) after Explanation 2 insert the following:?

"Explanation 2A.? Where any sum payable to a Government servant is exempt from attachment under the provisions of clause (kk), such sum shall remain exempt from attachment notwithstanding the fact that owing to the death of the Govt. servant it is payable to same other person"

[Act No. XI of 1953 and Act No. X of 1962].

In its application to Hyderabad area of Andhra Pradesh:

(i) after clause (g) of the proviso to section 60 (1) insert the following:?

"(gg) pension granted or continued by the Central Govt. the Govt. of Hyderabad or any other State Govt. on account of part services or present infirmities or as a compassionate allowance and."

(ii) In Explanation 2A, for the words brackets and letter "Clause (kk)" substitute "Clause (gg) or Clause (kk)"

In its application to the State of Andhra Pradesh:

(i) After clause (kk) of Section 60(1) proviso the following inserted:

"(kkk) amounts payable under the Andhra Pradesh State Employees Family Benefit Fund Rules."

(ii) For the words "(kk)', in Explanation 2A, the words "(kkk) inserted.(A.P. Act No. 24 of 1979).

Gujarat? (i) In section 60(1) after clause (g) insert the following.

"(gg) stipends and gratuities allowed to pensioners of a local authority".

(ii) Explanation 1, after the word "(g)" insert "(gg)".

Himachal Pradesh? (i) In section 60 (1) at the end of Clause (c) insert the following.

"or compensation paid for such houses and buildings (including compensation for the materials and the sites and the land referred to above) acquired for public purpose".

(ii) After clause (c), clause (cc) shall be inserted.

"(cc) Compensation paid for agricultural lands belonging to agriculturists and acquired for public purpose".

[C.P.C. (H.P. Amendment) Act 1956].

Karnataka? In section 60 (1) after clause (p) the following shall be inserted in its application to Karnataka (except Bellary District).

"(pp) Where the judgment-debtor is a servant of the State Govt. who has insured his life under the rules in force relating to the official branch of Karnataka Govt. Life Insurance Department:?

(1) in the case of insurance effected prior to the ninth day of may, 1911 the whole of the bonus payable or paid thereunder to such servant, or in the event of his death to his nominee or other person or persons entitled to such bonus under the said rules, and

(2) in the case of Insurance effected on or after the ninth day of May, 1911, and such insurance is Compulsory premia payable or paid to such servant or in the event of his death to his nominee or other person or persons entitled to such bonus under the said rules.

Kerala? After clause (g) the following clause (gg) shall be inserted:?

"(gg) all moneys payable to the beneficiaries under the Family Benefit Scheme for the employee of the Government of Kerala.

Maharashtra? (i) In section 60(1) after clause (g) of the proviso insert the following:?

"(gg) in the Hyderabad area of the State of Maharashtra any pension granted or continued by the Central Govt. or the Govt. of the former State of Hyderabad or any other State Govt. on account of part services or present infirmities or as a compassionate allowance which is not covered by clause (g)".

(ii) after clause (kb) insert the following:

"(kbb) the amounts payable under the policies issued in pursuance of the Rules for the Hyderabad State Life Insurance and Provident Fund, which are not covered under clause (ka) or (kb)".

[Maharashtra Act No. LXV of 1977].

Punjab and Haryana? (i) In clause (c) of the proviso to section 60 (1) for the words "occupied by him" substitute the following:?

"not proved by the decree holder to have been let out on rent or lent to persons other than his father mother, wife, son, daughter, daughter in law, brother, sister or other dependents or left vacant for a period of a year or more".

(ii) after clause (c) insert the following:?

"(cc) milch animals, whether in milk or in calf, animals used for the purposes of transport or draught cart and open spaces or endorures belonging to an agriculturist and required for use in case of need for tying cattle parking carts or stacking fodder or manure.

(ccc) one main residential house and other buildings attached to it (with the material and the sites there of and the land immediately appurtenant there to and necessary for there enjoyment belonging to a judgment-debtor other than an agriculturist and occupied by him:

Provided that the protection afforded by this clause shall not extend to any property specifically charged with the debt sought to be recovered".

(iii) after sub-section (2) insert the following sub-sections.

"(3) Notwithstanding any other law for the time being in force an agreement by which a debtor agrees to waive any benefit of any exemption under this section shall be void.

(4) For the purposes of this section the word `agriculturist' shall include every person whether as owner tenant partner or agricultural labour who depends for his livelihood mainly on income from agricultural land as defined in the Punjab Alienation of Land Act. 1910.

(5) Every member of a tribe notified as agricultural under the Punjab Alienation of Land Act, 1900 and every member of a scheduled caste shall be presumed to be as agriculturist until the contrary is provided.

(6) No order for attachment shall be made unless the court is satisfied that the property sought to be attached is not exempt from attachment or sale"

[Punjab Act No. VII of 1934, 12 of 1940, 6 of 1946 and 44 of 1960].

Rajasthan ? (i) In clause (b) of section 60 (1) after the word `Agriculturist' the words `his milch cattle and those likely to calve within two years' shall be inserted.

(ii) after clause (k) of the proviso to section 60 (1) insert the following.

"(kk) moneys payable under life Insurance Certificates issued in pursuance of the Rajasthan Govt. Servants Insurance Rules, 1953".

(iii) after Explanation 3 insert the following:

"Explanation 4.? Where any money payable to a Govt. servant of the state is exempt from attachment under the provision contained in clause (kk), such money shall remain exempt from the attachment notwithstanding the fact there owing to the death of a Govt. servant it is payable to some other person".

[Rajasthan Act No. 16 of 1957 and 19 of 1958].

Tamil Nadu? "Section 60 (1), clause (g) of the proviso after the words `stipends and gratuties allowed to the pensioners of the Govt. insert the words "or of a local authority"

Union Territory of Chandigarh? Same as in Punjab and Haryana

Uttar Pradesh? In section 60(1) after Explanation 1 add the following:

"Explanation 1-A.? Particulars mentioned in clause (c) are exempt from sale in execution of a decree whether passed before or after the commencement of the Code of Civil Procedure (United Provinces) Amendment Act, 1948 for enforcement of a mortgage of charge thereon".

61. Partial exemption of agricultural produce? The State Government may, by general or special order published in the Official Gazette, declare that such portion of agricultural produce, or of any class of agricultural produce, as may appear to the State Government to be necessary for the purpose of providing until the next harvest the due cultivation of the land and for the support of the judgment-debtor and his family, shall, in the case of all agriculturists or of any class of agriculturists, be exempted from liability to attachment or sale in exaction of a decree.

62. Seizure of property in dwelling-house? (1) No person executing any process under this Code directing or authorizing seizure of movable property shall enter any dwelling-house after sunset and before sunrise.

(2) No outer door of a dwelling-house shall be broken open unless such dwelling-house is in the occupancy of the judgment-debtor and he refuses or in any way prevents access thereto, but when the person executing any such process has duly gained access to any dwelling-house, he may break open the door of any room in which he has reason to believe any such property to be.

(3) Where a room in a dwelling-house is in the actual occupancy of a woman who, according to the customs of the country, does not appear in public, the person executing the process shall give notice to such woman that she is at liberty to withdraw; and, after allowing reasonable time for her to withdraw and giving her reasonable facility for widhrawing, he may enter such room for the purpose of seizing the property, using at the same time every precaution, consistent with these provisions, to prevent its clandestine removal.

63. Property attached in execution of decrees of several Courts? (1) Where property not in the custody of any Court is under attachment in execution of decrees of more Courts than one, the Court which shall receive or realize such property and shall determine any claim thereto any objection to the attachment thereof shall be the Court of highest grade, or, where there is no difference in grade between such Courts, the Court under whose decree the property was first attached.

(2) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to invalidate any proceeding taken by a Court executing one of such decrees.

[50] [Explanation.?For the purposes of sub-section (2), "proceeding taken by a Court" does not include an order allowing, to a decree-holder who has purchased property at a sale held in execution of a decree, set off to the extent of the purchase price payable by him.]

64. Private alienation of property after attachment to be void? Where an attachment has been made, any private transfer or delivery of the property attached or of any interest there in and any payment to the judgment-debtor of any debt, dividend or other monies contrary to such attachment, shall be void as against all claims enforceable under the attachment.

Explanation?For the purposes of this section, claims enforceable under an attachment include claims for the rateable distribution of assets.

65. Purchaser's title? Where immovable property is sold in execution of a decree and such sale has become absolute, the property shall be deemed to have vested in the purchaser from the time when the property is sold and not from the time when the sale becomes absolute.

67. Power for State Government to make rules as to sales of land in execution of decrees for payment of money? (1) The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules for any local area imposting conditions in respect of the sale of any class of interests in land in execution of decrees for the payment of money, where such interests are so uncertain or undermined as, in the opinion of the State Government to make it impossible to fix their value.

(2) When on the date on which this Code came into operation in any local area, any special rules as to sale of and in execution of decrees were in force therein, the State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare such rules to be in force, or may by a like notification, modify the same.

Every notification issued in the exercise of the powers conferred by this sub-section shall set out the rules so continued or modified.

[52] [(3) Every rule made under this section shall be laid, as soon as may be after it is made, before the State Legislature.]

Delegation to Collector of power to execute decrees against immovable property

68.?72. Rep. by the Code of Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1956 (66 of 1956), s. 7.

73. Proceeds of execution-sale to be reateably distributed among decree-holders? (1) Where assests are held by a Court and more persons than one have, before the receipt of such assests, made application to the Court for the execution of decrees for the payment of money passed against the same judgment-debtor and have not obtained satisfaction thereof, the assests, after deducting the costs of realization, shall be reteably distributed among all such persons :

(a) where any property is sold subject to a mortgage or charge, the mortgage or incumbrancer shall not be entitled to share in any surplus arising from such sale;

(b) where any property liable to be sold in execution of a decree is subject to a mortgage or charges the Court may, with the consent of the mortgagee or incumbrancer, order that the property be sold free from the mortgage or charge, giving to the mortgagee or incumbrancer the same interest in the proceeds of the sale as he had in the property sold;

(c) where any immovable property is sold in execution of a decree ordering its sale for the discharge of an incumbrance thereon, the proceeds of sale shall be applied?

first, in defraying the expenses of the sale;

secondly, in discharging the amount due under the decree;

thirdly, in discharging the interest and principal moneys due on subsequent incumbrances (if any); and

fourthly, rateably among the holders of decrees for the payment of money against the judgment debtor, who have, prior to the sale of the property, applied to the Court which passed the decree ordering such sale for execution of such decrees, and have not obtained satisfaction thereof.

(2) Where all or any of the assests liable to be rateably distributed under this section are paid to a person not entitled to receive the same, any person so entitled may sue such person to compel him to refund the assets.

(3) Nothing in this section affects any right of the Government.

74. Resistance to execution? Where the Court is satisfied that the holder of a decree for the possession of immovable property or that the purchaser of immovable property sold in execution of a decree has been resisted or obstructed in obtaining possession of the property by the judgment-debtor or some person on his behalf and that such resistance or obstruction was without any just cause, the Court may, at the instance of the decree-holder or purchaser, order the judgment-debtor or such other person to be detained in the civil prison for a term which may extend to thirty days and may further direct that the decree-holder or purchaser be put into possession of the property.

75. Power of court to issue commissions- Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed, the court may issue a commission-

(c) to examine or adjust accounts; or

[(e) to hold a scientific, technical, or expert investigation;

(f) to conduct sale of property which is subject to speedy and natural decay and which is in the custody of the Court pending the determination of the suit;

(g) to perform any ministerial act.]

76. Commission to another Court- (1) A commission for the examination of any person may be issued to any Court (not being a High Court) situate in a State other than the State in which the Court of issue is situate and having jurisdiction in the place in which the person to be examined resides.

(2) Every Court receiving a commission for the examination of any person under sub-section (1) shall examine him or cause him to be examined pursuant thereto, and the commission, when it has been duly executed, shall be returned together with the evidence taken under it to the Court from which it was issued, unless the order for issuing the commission has otherwise directed, in which case the commission shall be returned in terms of such order.

77. Letter of request- In lieu of issuing a commission the Court may issue a letter of request to examine a witness residing at any place not within India.

78. Commissions issued by foreign Courts- Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed the provisions as to the execution and return of commissions for the examination of witnesses shall apply to commissions issue by or as the instance of-

(a) Courts situate in any part of India to which the provisions of this Code do not extend; or

(b) Courts established or continued by the authority of the Central Government outside India, or

(c) Courts of any State or country outside India.

Suits by or against the Government or public officers in their official capacity.

79. Suits by or against Government? In a suit by or against the Government, the authority to be named as plaintiff or defendant, as the case may be, shall be?

(a) in the case of a suit by or against the Central Government, the Union of India, and

(b) in the case of a suit by or against a State Government, the State.

80. Notice? [(1)][Save as otherwise provided in sub-section (2), no suits shall be instituted against the Government (including the Government of the State of Jammu & Kashmir) or against a public officer in respect of any act purporting to be done by such officer in his official capacity, until the expiration of two months next after notice in writing has been delivered to, or left at the office of?

(a) in the case of a suit against the Central Government, except where it relates to a railway, a Secretary to that Government;

(b) in the case of a suit against the Central Government where it relates to railway, the General Manager of that railway;

(bb) in the case of a suit against the Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir the Chief Secretary to that Government or any other officer authorised by that Government in this behalf;

(c) in the case of a suit against any other State Government, a Secretary to that Government or the Collector of the district;

and, in the case of a public officer, delivered to him or left at this office, stating the cause of action, the name, description and place of residence of the plaintiff and the relief which he claims; and the plaint shall contain a statement that such notice has been so delivered or left.

 [(2) A suit to obtain an urgent or immediate relief against the Government (including the Government of the State of Jammu & Kashmir) or any public officer in respect of any act purporting to be done by such public officer in his official capacity, may be instituted, with the leave of the Court, without serving any notice as required by sub-section (1); but the Court shall not grant relief in the suit, whether interim or otherwise, except after giving to the Government or public officer, as the case may be, a reasonable opportunity of showing cause in respect of the relief prayed for in the suit :

Provided that the Court shall, if it is satisfied, after hearing the parties, that no urgent or immediate relief need be granted in the suit, return the plaint for presentation to it after complying with the requirements of sub-section (1).

(3) No suit instituted against the Government or against a public officer in respect of any act purporting to be done by such public officer in his official capacity shall be dismissed merely by reason of any error or defect in the notice referred to in sub-section (1), if in such notice?

(a) the name, description and the residence of the plaintiff had been so given as to enable the appropriate authority or the public officer to identify the person serving the notice and such notice had been delivered or left at the office of the appropriate authority specified in sub-section (1), and

(b) the cause of action and the relief claimed by the plaintiff had been substantially indicated.]

Madhya Pradesh ? (i) After sub-section (3) of Section 80 the following inserted:

"(4) where in a suit or proceeding referred to in Rule 3B of Order 1, the state is joined as a defendant or non applicant or where the Court orders joinder of the State as defendant or non applicant in exercise of powers under Rule 10(2) of order 1 such suit or proceeding shall not be dismissed by reasons of Omission of the plaintiff or applicant to issue notice under sub-section (1)".

(ii) In sub-section (1) of section 80 for the words "sub-section (2)" substitute "sub-section (2) or (4)".

81. Exemption from arrest and personal appearance? In a suit instituted against a public officer in respect of any act purporting to be done by him in his official capacity?

(a) the defendant shall not be liable to arrest nor his property to attachment otherwise than in execution of a decree, and

(b) where the Court is satisfied that the defendant cannot absent himself from his duty without detriment to the public service, it shall exempt him from appearing in person.

82. Execution of decree? (1) Where, in a suit by or against the Government or by or against a public officer in respect of any act purporting to be done him in his official capacity, a decree is passed against the Union of India or a State or, as the case may be, the public officer, such decree shall not be executed except in accordance with the provisions of sub-section(2)].

(2) Execution shall not be issued on any such decree unless it remains unsatisfied for the period of three months computed from the date of [such decree].

(3) The provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) shall apply in relation to an order or award as they apply in relation to a decree, if the order or award?

(a) is passed or made against the Union of India or a State or a public officer in respect of any such act as aforesaid, whether by a Court or by any other authority; and

(b) is capable of being executed under the provisions of this code or of any other law for the time being in force as if it were a decree.

Suits by Alliens and by or against Foreign Rulers, Ambassadors and Envoys

83. When aliens may sue? Alien enemies residing in India with the permission of the Central Government, and alien friends, may sue in any Court otherwise competent to try the suit, as if they were citizens of India, but alien enemies residing in India without such permission, or residing in a foreign country, shall not sue in any such court.

Explanation?Every person residing in a foreign country, the Government of which is at war with India and carrying on business in that country without a licence in that behalf granted by the Central Government, shall, for the purpose of this section, be deemed to be an alien enemy residing in a foreign country.

84. When foreign State may sue.? A foreign State may sue in any competent Court:

Provided that the object of the suit is to enforce a private right vested in the Ruler of such State or in any officer of such State in his public capacity.

85. Persons specially appointed by Government to prosecute or defend on behalf of foreign Rulers? (1) The Central Government may, at the request of the Ruler of a foreign State or at the request of any person competent in the opinion of the Central Government to act on behalf of such Ruler, by order, appoint any persons to prosecute or defend any suit on behalf of such Ruler, and any persons so appointed shall be deemed to be the recognized agents by whom appearances, acts and applications under this Code may be made or done on behalf of such Ruler.

(2) An appointment under this section may be made for the purpose of a specified suit or of several specified suits, or for the purpose of all such suits as it may from time to time be necessary to prosecute or defend on behalf of such Ruler.

(3) A person appointed under this section may authorise or appoint any other persons to make appearances and applications and do acts in any such suit or suits as if he were himself a party thereto.

86. Suits against foreign Rulers, Ambassadors and Envoys? (1) No. foreign State may be sued in any Court otherwise competent to try the suit except with consent of the Central Government certified in writing by a Secretary to that Government :

Provided that a person may, as a tenant of immovable property, sue without such consent as aforesaid [a foreign State] from whom he holds or claims to hold the property.

(2) Such consent may be given with respect to a specified suit or to several specified suits or with respect to all suits of any specified class or classes, and may specify, in the case of any suit or class of suits, the Court in which [the foreign State] may be sued, but it shall to be given, unless it appears to the Central Government that [the foreign State].

(a) has instituted a suit in the Court against the person desiring to sue [it], or

(b) [itself] or another, trades within the local limits of the jurisdiction of the Court, or

(c) is in possession of immovable property situate within those limits and is to be sued with reference to such property or for money charged thereon, or

(d) has expressly or impliedly waived the privilege accorded to [it] by this section.

 [(3) Except with the consent of the Central Government, certified in writing by a Secretary to that government, no decree shall be executed against the property of any foreign State.]

(4) The proceeding provisions of this section shall apply in relation to ?

(b) any High Commissioner of a Commonwealth country; and

(c) any such member of the staff [of the foreign State or the staff or retinue of the Ambassador] or Envoy of a foreign State or of the High Commissioner of a Commonwealth country as the Central Government may, by general or special order, specify in this behalf.

[(5) the following persons shall not be arrested under this Code, namely : ?

(b) any Ambassador or Envoy of a foreign State;

(c) any High Commissioner of a Commonwealth country;

(d) any such member of the staff of the foreign State or the staff or retinue of the Ruler, Ambassador or Envoy of a foreign State or of the High Commissioner of a Commonwealth country, as the Central Government may, by general or special order, specify in this behalf.

(6) Where a request is made to the Central Government for the grant of any consent referred to in sub-section (1), the Central Government shall, before refusing to accede to the request in whole or in part, give to the person making the request a reasonable opportunity of being heard.]

87. Style of foreign Rulers as parties to suits? The Ruler of a foreign State may sue, and shall be sued, in the name of his State:

Provided that in giving the consent referred to in section 86, the Central Government may direct that the Ruler may be sued in the name of an agent or in any other name.

87A. Definitions of "foreign State" and "Ruler" ? (1) In this Part,?

(a) "foreign State" means any State outside India which has been recognised by the Central Government; and

(b) "Ruler", in relation to a foreign State, means the person who is for the time being recognized by the Central Government to be the head of that State.

(2) Every Court shall take judicial notice of the fact ?

(a) that a state has or has not been recognized by the Central Government;

(b) that a person has or has not been recognized by the Central Government to be the head of a State.

Suits against Rulers of former Indian States

87B. Applications of sections 85 and 86 to Rulers of former Indian States.? (1) In the case of any suit by or against the Ruler of any former Indian State which is based wholly or in part upon a cause of action which arose before the commencement of the Constitution or any proceedings arising out of such suit, the provisions of section 85 and sub-sections (1) and (3) of section 86 shall apply in relation to such Ruler as they apply in relation to the Ruler of a foreign State.

(a) "former Indian State" means any such Indian State as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify for the purposes of this;

(b) "commencement of the Constitution" means the 26th day of January, 1950; and

(c) "Ruler" in relation to a former Indian State, has the same meaning as in article 363 of the Constitution.RInterpleader

88. Where interpleader suit may be reinstituted? Where two or more persons claim adversely to one another the same debts, sum of money or other property, movable or immovable, from another person, who claims no interest therein other than for charges or costs and who is ready to pay or deliver it to the rightful claimant such other person may institute a suit of interpleader against all the claimants for the purpose of obtaining a decision as to the person to whom the payment or delivery shall be made and of obtaining indemnity for himself:

Provided that where any suit is pending in which the rights of all parties can properly be decided, no such suit of interpleader shall be instituted.

89. [Arbitration.] Rep. by the Arbitration Act, 1940 (10 of 1940), s. 49 and Sch. III

Special case

90. Power to state case for opinion of Court? Where any person agree in writing to state a case for the opinion of the Court, then the Court shall try and determine the same in the manner prescribed.

[Public nuisances and other wrongful acts affecting the public]

91. Public nuisances and other wrongful acts affecting the public.? [(1) in the case of a public nuisance or other wrongful act affecting, or likely to affect, the public, a suit for a declaration and injunction or for such other relief as may be appropriate in the circumstances of the case, may be instituted,?

(a) by the Advocate General, or

(b) with the leave of the Court, by two or more persons, even though no special damage has been caused to such persons by reason of such public nuisance or other wrongful act.]

(2) Nothing in this section shall be deemed to limit or otherwise affect any right of suit which may exist independently of its provisions.

92. Public charities? (1) In the case of any alleged breach of any express or constructive trust created for public purposes of a charitable or religious nature, or where the direction of the Court is deemed necessary for the administration of any such trust, the Advocate-General, or two or more persons having an interest in the trust and having obtained the [leave of the Court] may institute a suit, whether contentious or not, in the principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction or in any other Court empowered in that behalf by the State Government within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the whole or any part of the subject-matter of the trust is situate to obtain a decree?

(a) removing any trustee;

(b) appointing a new trustee;

(c) vesting any property in a trustee;

(cc) directing a trustee who has bee removed or a person who has ceased to be a trustee, to deliver possession of any trust property in his possession to the person entitled to the possession of such property;

(d) directing accounts and inquires;

(e) declaring what proportion of the trust property or of the interest therein shall be allocated to any particular object of the trust;

(f) authorizing the whole or any part of the trust property to be let, sold, mortgaged or exchanged;

(g) settling a scheme; or

(h) granting such further or other relief as the nature of the case may require.

(2) Save as provided by the Religious Endowments Act, 1863 (20 of 1863) or by any corresponding law in force in the territories which, immediately before the 1st November, 1956, were comprised in Part B States, no suit claiming any of the reliefs specified in sub-section (1) shall be instituted in respect of any such trust as is therein referred to except in conformity with provisions of that sub-section.

 [(3) The Court may alter the original purposes of an express or constructive trust created for public purposes of a charitable or religious nature and allow the property or income of such trust or any portion thereof to be applied cy press in one or more the following circumstances, namely:?

(a) where the original purposes of the trust, in whole or in part,?

(i) have been, as far as may be, fulfilled; or

(ii) cannot be carried out at all, or cannot be carried out according to the directions given in the instrument creating the trust or, where there is no such instrument, according to the spirit of the trust;

(b) where the original purposes of the trust provide a use for a part only of the property available by virtue of the trust; or

(c) where the property available by virtue of the trust and other property applicable for similar purposes can be more effectively used in conjunction with, and to that end can suitably be made applicable to any other purpose, regard being had to the spirit of the trust and its applicability to common purposes; or

(d) where the original purposes, in whole or in part, were laid down by reference to an area which then was, but has since ceased to be, a unit for such purposes; or

(ii) ceased, as being useless or harmful to the community, or

(iii) ceased to be, in law, charitable, or

(iv) ceased in any other way to provide a suitable and effective method of using the property available by virtue of the trust, regard being had to the spirit of the trust.]

STATE AMENDMENTS

Uttar Pradesh? After clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 92 insert the following:

"(bb) for delivery of possession of any trust property against a person who has ceased to be trustee or has been removed".

[U.P. Act No. 24 of 1954].

93. Exercise of powers of Advocate-General outside presidency-towns? The powers conferred by sections 91 and 92 on the Advocate-General may, outside the presidency-towns, be, with the previous sanction of the State Government, exercised also by the Collector or by such officer as the State Government may appoint in this behalf.