THE COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957 ACT NO. 14 OF 1957 AN ACT TO AMEND AND CONSOLIDATE THE LAW RELATING TO COPYR IGHT. [4th June, 1957.]

1. (1)Short title, extent and commencement. This Act may be called the Copyright Act, 1957. (2) It extends to the whole of India. (3) It shall come into force on such 1 date as the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.

2. Interpretation. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-

(a) adaptation " means,- (i)in relation to a dramatic work, the conversion of the work into a non-dramatic work; (ii)in relation to a literary work or an artistic work, the conversion of the work into a dramatic work by way of performance in public or otherwise; (iii)in relation to a literary or dramatic work, any abridgement of the work or any version of the work in which the story or action is conveyed wholly or mainly by means of pictures in a form suitable for reproduction in a book, or in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical ; and (iv)in relation to a musical work, any arrangement or transcription of the work ;

(b) " architectural work of art " means any building or structure having an artistic character or design, or any model such building or structure

(C)" artistic work " means- (i)a painting, a sculpture, a drawing (including a diagram, map, chart or plan,), an engraving or a photo- graph, whether or not any such work possesses artistic quality --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 21st January, 1958, vide Notification No. S. R. O. 269, dated the 21st January, 1958, see Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Pt. II, see. 3, p. 167. 2 Extended to and brought into force in the State of Sikkim w.e.f. 27.4.1979 vide Notifn. No. S>O. 226(K) dt. 27.4.1979, Gaz. of India, Exty., Pt. II, See 3(110, P. 430. Extended to and brought into force in Dadra and Nagar Haveli (w.e.f. 1.7.65) by Reg. 6 of 1963., S.2 & Sch. I. Extended to Goa, Daman and Diu with modifications, by Reg. 12 of 1962, s.3 and Sch. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 (ii) an architectural work of art ; and (iii)any other work of artistic craftsmanship (d) author " means,- (i) in relation to a literary or dramatic work, the author of the work ; (ii) in relation to a musical work, the composer; (iii)in relation to an artistic work other than a photograph,the artist ; (iv) in relation to a photograph, the person taking the photograph; (v) in relation to a cinematograph film, the owner of the film at the time of its completion ; and (vi)in relation to a record, the owner of the original plate from which the record is made, at the time of the making of the plate ;

(dd) "broadcast means communication to the public- (i) by any means of wireless diffusion, whether in any one or more of the forms of signs, sounds or visual images; or (ii) by wire, and includes a re-broadcast;

(e) "calendar year" means the year commencing on the 1st day of January;

(f)cinematograph film " includes the sound track, if any, and "cinematograph " shall be construed as including any work produced by any process analogous to cinematography; Explanation.--For the purposes of this clause, "video films" shall also be deemed to be work produced by a process analogous to cinematography.

(ff) "communication to the public" means communication to the public in whatever manner, including communication through satellite;

(g) " delivery", in relation to a lecture,include delivery by means of any mechanical instrument or by broadcast.

(h) " dramatic work " includes any piece for recitation, choreographic work or entertainment in dumb show, the scenic arrangement or acting form of which is fixed in writing or otherwise but does not include a cinematograph film; (hh) "duplicating equipment" means any mechanical contrivance or device used or intended to be used for making copies of any work; (i) " engravings " include etchings, lithographs, wood- cuts,prints and other similar works, not being photographs ;

(j) " exclusive licence " means a licence which confers on the licensee or on the licensee and persons authorised by him, to the exclusion of all other persons (including the owner of the copyright), any right comprised in the copyright in a work, and " exclusive licensee " shall be construed accordingly; (k) "Government work" means a work which is made or published by or under the direction or control of-- (i) the Government or any department of the Government; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 23 of 1993, s.2 (w.e.f. 9.8.1984) 2 Ins. by s.3 ibid. (w.e.f. 9.8.1984) 3 Ins. by Act 65 of 1984, s.2 (w.e.f. 8.10.84) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 (ii) any Legislature in India ; (iii)any court, tribunal or other judicial authority in India; (l) "Indian work" means a literary, dramatic or musical work,- (i) the author of which is a citizen of India; or (ii) which is first published in India; or (iii) the author of which, in the case of an unpublished work, is at the time of the making of the work, a citizen of India; (m) infringing copy " means,- (i) in relation to a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, a reproduction thereof otherwise than in the form of a cinematograph film; (ii)in relation to a cinematograph film, a copy of the film or a record embodying the recording in any part of the sound track associated with the film; (iii) in relation to a record, any such record embodying the same recording ; and (iv) in relation to a programme in which a broadcast reproduction right subsists under section 37, a record recording the programme, if such reproduction, copy or record is made or imported in contravention of the provisions of this Act

(n) " lecture " includes address, speech and sermon (o) " literary work " includes tables compilations and computer programmes, that is to say, programmes recorded on any disc, tape, perforated media or other information storage device, which , if fed into or located in a computer or computer based equipment is capable of reproducing any information;

(p) " musical work " means any combination of melody and harmony or either of them, printed, reduced to writing or otherwise graphically produced or reproduced;

(q) " performance " includes any mode of visual or acoustic presentation, including any such presentation by the exhi- bition of a cinematograph film, or by means of broadcast or by the use of a record, or by any other means and, in relation to a lecture, includes the delivery of such lecture ;

(r) "performing rights society " means a society, association or other body, whether incorporated or not, which carries on business in India of issuing or granting licences for the performance in India of any works in which copyright subsists;

(s) "photograph " includes photo-lithograph and any work produced by any process analogous to photography but does not include any part of a cinematograph film; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 23 of 1983, s.2 (w.e.f. 9.8.1984) 2 Subs. by s.3, ibid. (w.e.f. 9.8.1984) 3 Subs. by Act 65 of 1984, s.2 (w.e.f.8.10.1984) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 (t) "plate " includes any stereotype or other plate, stone, block, mould, matrix, transfer, negative duplicating equipment or other device used or intended to be used for printing or reproducing copies of any work, and any matrix or other appliance by which records for the acoustic presentation of the work are or are intended to be made ; (u) prescribed " means prescribed by rules made under this Act.- (w) record " means any disc, tape, perforated roll or other device in which sounds are embodied so as to be capable of being reproduced therefrom, other than a sound track associated with a cinematograph film ; (x) recording " means the aggregate of the sounds embodied in and capable of being reproduced by means of a record;

(y) work " means any of the following works, namely: - (i) a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work; (ii) a cinematograph film; (iii) a record;

(z) "work of joint authorship" means a work produced by the collaboration of two or more authors in which the contri- bution of one author is not distinct from the contribution of the other author or authors ;

(za) " work of sculpture " includes casts and models.

3.Meaning of Publication. For the purposes of this Act, "publication" means,- (a) in the case of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work,the issue of copies of the work, either in whole or in part, to the public in a manner sufficient to satisfy the reasonable requirements of the public having regard to the nature of the work; (b) in the case of a cinematograph film, the sale or hire or offer for sale or hire of the film or copies thereof to the public; (c) in the case of a record, the issue of records to the public in sufficient quantities; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Omitted by Act 23 of 1983, s.3, (w.e.f.9.8.1984) 2 Subs. by s.4, ibid (w.e.f. 9.8.1984) 3 Ins. by Act 65 of 1984, s.2, (w.e.f.8.10.1984) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 but does not, except as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, include,- (i) in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, the issue of any records recording such work ; (ii) in the case of a work of sculpture or an architectural work of art, the issue of photographs and engravings of such work.

4. When work not deemed to be published or performed in public.

4.When work not deemed to be published or performed in public. Except in relation to infringement of copyright, a work shall not be deemed to be published or performed in public, if published, or performed in public, without the licence of the owner of the copy- right.

5. When work deemed to be first published in India.

5.When work deemed to be first published in India. For the purposes of this Act, a work published in India shall be deemed to be first published in India, notwithstanding that it has been published simultaneously in some other country, unless such other country provides a shorter term of copyright for such work ; and a work shall be deemed to be published simultaneously in India and in another country if the time between the publication in India and the publication in such other country does not exceed thirty days or such other period as the Central Government may, in relation to any specified country, determine.

6.Certain disputes to be decided by Copyright Board. If any question arises,-- (a) whether for the purposes of section3, copies of any,-- (i) literary, dramatic,musical or artistic work are issued to the public in a manner sufficient to satisfy the reasonable requirements of the public; or (ii) records are issued to the public in sufficient quantities; or. (b) whether for the purposes of section 5, the term of copyright for any work is shorter in any other country than that provided in respect of that work under this Act ; it shall be referred to the Copyright Board constituted under section 11 whose decision thereon shall be final.

7. NAtionality of author where the making of unpublished work is extendedover considerable period.

7.NAtionality of author where the making of unpublished work is extended over considerable period. Where, in the case of an unpublished work, the making of the work is extended over a considerable period, the author of the work shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed to be a citizen of, or domiciled in, that country of which he was a citizen or wherein he was domiciled during any substantial part of that period.

8.Domicile of corporations. For the purposes of this Act, a body corporate shall be deemed to be domiciled in India if it is incorporated under any law in force in India; --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 23 of 1983, s.5 (w.e.f. 9.8.1984) --------------------------------------------------------------------- 12

9. (1)Copyright office. There shall be established for the purposes of this Act an office to be called the Copyright Office. (2) The Copyright Office shall be under the immediate control of the Registrar of Copyrights who shall act under the superintendence and direction of the Central Government. (3) There shall be a seal for the Copyright Office.

10. (1)Registrar and Deputy Registrars of Copyrights. The Central Government shall appoint a Registrar of Copyrights and may appoint one or more Deputy Registrars of Copyrights. (2) A Deputy Registrar of Copyrights shall discharge under the superintendence and direction of the Registrar of Copyrights such functions of the Registrar under this Act as the Registrar may, from time to time, assign to him ; and any reference in this Act to the Registrar of Copyrights shall include a reference to a Deputy Registrar of Copyrights when so discharging any such functions.

11. (1)Copyright Board. As soon as may be after the commencement of this Act, the Central Government shall constitute a Board to be called the Copyright Board which shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two nor more than eight other members. (2) The Chairman and other members of the Copyright Board shall hold office for such period and on such terms and conditions as may be prescribed. (3)The Chairman of the Copyright Board shall be a person who is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court or is qualified for appointment as a Judge of a High Court. (4) The Registrar of Copyrights shall be the Secretary of the Copyright Board and shall perform such functions as may be prescribed.

12.(1)Powers and procedure of Copyright Board.The Copyright Board shall, subject to any rules that may be made under this Act, have power to regulate its own procedure, including the fixing of places and times of its sittings: Provided that the Copyright Board shall ordinarily hear any pro- ceeding instituted before it under this Act within the zone in which, at the time of the institution of the proceeding, the person institut- ing the proceeding actually and voluntarily resides or carries on business or personally works for gain. Explanation.-In this sub-section " zone " means a zone specified in section 15 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. (7 of 1956). 13 (2) The Copyright Board may exercise and discharge its powers and functions through Benches constituted by the Chairman of the Copyright Board from amongst its members, each Bench consisting of not less than three members. (3) If there is a difference of opinion among the members of the Copyright Board or any Bench thereof in respect of any matter coming before it for decision under this Act, the opinion of the majority shall prevail: Provided that where there is no such majority-- (i) if the Chairman was one of the members who heard the matter, the opinion of the Chairman shall prevail ; (ii) if the Chairman was not one of the members who heard the matter, the matter shall be referred to him for his opinion and that opinion shall prevail. (4) The Copyright Board may authorise any of its members to exercise any of the powers conferred on it by section 74 and any order made or act done in exercise of those powers by the member so authorised shall be deemed to be the order or act, as the case may be, of the Board. (5) No member of the Copyright Board shall take part in any proceedings before the Board in respect of any matter in which he has a personal interest. (6) No act done or proceeding taken by the Copyright Board under this Act shall be questioned on the ground merely of the existence of any vacancy in, or defect in the constitution of, the Board. (7) The Copyright Board shall be deemed to be a civil court for the purpose of sections 345 and 346 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 and all proceedings before the Board shall be deemed to be judicial proceedings within the meaning of sections 193 and 228 of the Indian Penal Code.

13 (1)Works in which copyright subsists. Subject to the provisions of this section and the other provisions of this Act, copyright shall subsist throughout India in the following classes of works, that is to say,- (a) original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works; ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 23 of 1983, s.6 (w.e.f. 9.8.1984) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 (b) cinematograph films; and (c) records. (2) Copyright shall not subsist in any work specified in subsection (1), other than a work to which the provisions of section 40 or section 41 apply, unless,- (i) in the case of a published work, the work is first published in India, or where the work is first published outside India, the author is at the date of such publication, or in a case where the author was dead at that date was at the time of his death, a citizen of India ; (ii) in the case of an unpublished work other than an architectural work of art, the author is at the date of the making of the work a citizen of India or domiciled in India; and (iii) in the case of an architectural work of art, the work is located in India. Explanation.-In the case of a work of joint authorship, the conditions conferring copyright specified in this sub-section shall be satisfied by all the authors of the work. (3) Copyright shall not subsist- (a) in any cinematograph film if a substantial part of the film is an infringement of the copyright in any other work ; (b) in any record made in respect of a literary, dramatic or musical work, if in making the record,.copyright in such work has been infringed. (4) The copyright in a cinematograph film or a record shall not affect the separate copyright in any work in respect of which or a substantial part of which, the film, or as the case may be, the record is made. (5) In the case of an architectural work of art, copyright shall subsist only in the artistic character and design and shall not extend to processes or methods of construction.

14. (1)Meaning of copyright. For the purposes of this Act, " copyright " means the exclusive right, by virtue of, and subject to the provisions of, this (a) in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, to do and authorise the doing of any of the following acts, namely: - (i) to reproduce the work in any material form 15 (ii) to publish the work; (iii)to perform the work in public; (iv) to produce, reproduce, perform or publish any translation of the work ; (v) to make any cinematograph film or a record in respect of the work ; (vi) to communicate the work by radio broadcast or to communicate to the public by a loud-speaker or any other similar instrument the broadcast of the work; (vii) to make any adaptation of the work; (viii)to do in relation to a translation or an adaptation of the work any of the acts specified in relation to the work in clauses (i) to (vi) ; (b) in the case of an artistic work, to do or authorise the doing of any of the following acts, namely:- (i) to reproduce the work in any material form; (ii)to publish the work ; (iii)to include the work in any cinematograph film; (iv)to make any adaptation of the work; (v) to do in relation to an adaptation of the work any of the acts specified in relation to the work in clauses (i) to (iii). (c) in the case of a cinematograph film, to do or authorise the doing of any of the following acts, namely; (i) to make a copy of the film ; (ii)to cause the film, in so far as it consists of visual images, to be seen in public and, in so far as it consists of sounds, to be heard in public ; (iii)to make any record embodying the recording in any part of the sound track associated with the film by utilising such sound track; (iv)to communicate the film by broadcast; (d) in the case of a record, to do or authorise the doing of any of the following acts by utilising the record, namely:- (i) to make any other record embodying the same recording; (ii) to cause the recording embodied in the record to be heard in public ; --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 23 of 1983, s.2 (w.e.f. 9.8.1984) --------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 (iii) to communicate the recording embodied in the record by broadcast; (2) Any reference in sub-section (1) to the doing of any act in relation to a work or a translation or an adaptation thereof shall include a reference to the doing of that act in relation to a substan- tial part thereof.

15. Special provision regarding copyright in designs registered or capableof being registered under the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911.

15. (1)Special provision regarding copyright in designs registered or capable of being registered under the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911. Copyright shall not subsist under this Act in any design which is registered under the Designs Act, 1911. (2 of 1911). (2) Copyright in any design, which is capable of being registered under the designs Act, 1911, (2 of 1911) but which has not been so registered, shall cease as soon as any article to which the design has been applied has been reproduced more than fifty times by an industrial process by the owner of the copyright or, with his licence, by any other person.

16.No Copyright except as provided in this Act. No person shall be entitled to copyright or any similar right in any work, whether published or unpublished, otherwise than under and in accordance with the provisions of this Act or of any other law for the time being in force but nothing in this section shall be construed as abrogating any right or jurisdiction to restrain a breach of trust or confidence.

CHAPTER IV OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT AND THE RIGHTS OF THE OWNER 17. First owner of copyright.

17.First owner of copyright. Subject to the provisions of this Act, the author of a work shall be the first owner of the copyright therein; Provided that- (a) in the case of a literary, dramatic or artistic work made by the author in the course of his employment by the proprietor of a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical under a contract of service or apprenticeship, for the purpose of publication in a newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, the said proprietor shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright in the work in so far as the copyright relates to the publication of the work in any newspaper, magazine or similar periodical, or to the reproduction of the work for the purpose of its being so published, but in all --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 23 of 1983,s.2 (w.e.f. 9.8.1984) 2 Omitted by s.7, ibid. (w.e.f.9.8.1984) --------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 other respects the author shall be the first owner of the copyright in the work; (b) subject to the provisions of clause (a), in the case of a photograph taken, or a painting or portrait drawn, or an engraving or a cinematograph film made, for valuable consideration at the instance of any person, such person shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein ; (c) in the case of a work made in the course of the author's employment under a contract of service or apprenticeship, to which clause (a) or clause (b) does not apply, the employer shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein ; (cc) in the case of any address or speech delivered In public, the person who has delivered such address or speech or if such person has delivered such address or speech on behalf of any other person, such other person shall be the first owner of the copyright therein notwithstanding that the person who delivers such address or speech, or, as the case may be, the person on whose behalf such address or speech is delivered, is employed by any other person who arranges such address or speech or on whose behalf or premises such address or speech is delivered; (d) in the case of a Government work, Government shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein ; (dd) in the case of a work made or first published by or under the direction or control of any public undertaking such public undertaking shall, in the absence of any agreement to the contrary, be the first owner of the copyright therein. Explanation.-For the purposes of this clause and section 28A, "public undertaking" means- (i) an undertaking owned or controlled by Government; or (ii) a Government Company as defined in section 617 of the Companies Act, 1956; or (iii) a body corporate established by or under any Central, Provincial or State Act.] (e) in the case of a work to which the provisions of section 41 apply, the international organisation concerned shall be the first owner of the copyright therein.

18. (1)Assignment of copyright. The owner of the copyright in an existing work or the prospective owner of the copyright in a future work may assign to any person the copyright either wholly or partially and either generally or subject to limitations and either for the whole term of the copyright or any part thereof : Provided that in the case of the assignment of copyright in any future work, the assignment shall take effect only when the work comes into existence. (2) Where the assignee of a copyright becomes entitled to any right comprised in the copyright, the assignee as respects the rights so assigned, and the assignor as respects the rights not assigned, shall be treated for the purposes of this Act as the owner of copy- right and the provisions of this Act shall have effect accordingly. (3) In this section, the expression " assignee " as respects the assignment of the copyright in any future work includes the legal representatives of the assignee, if the assignee dies before the work comes into existence.

19.(1)Mode of Assignment. No assignment of the copyright in any work shall be valid unless it is in writing signed by the assignor or by his duly authorised agent. (2) The assignment of the copyright in any work shall, among other things, -indicate clearly the rights proposed to be assigned and the size of the work.

19A.Disputes with respect to assignment of copyright. Where any dispute arises with respect to the assignment Disputes of, or any of the terms of, the assignment of, any copyright, the Copyright Board may, on receipt of a complaint from any of the parties to the dispute and after holding such inquiry as it may deem necessary, pass such orders as it may deem fit, including orders by way of giving permission to the owner of the copyright to revoke its assignment if the terms of the assignment are harsh to him or if the publisher unduly delays the publication of the work or by way of issue of a certificate for the recovery of any royalty due to the ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ins. by Act 23 of 1983,s.8 (w.e.f. 9.8.1984) 2 Re-numbered and ins. by s.9 ibid. (w.e.f. 9.8.1984) 3 Ins. by s.10, ibid. (w.e.f. 9.8.1984) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 18

20. Transmission of copyright in manuscript by testamentary disposition.

20.Transmission of copyright in manuscript by testamentary disposition. Where under a bequest a person is entitled to the manuscript of a literary, dramatic or musical work, or to an artistic work, and the work was not published before the death of the testator, the bequest shall, unless the contrary intention is indicated in the testator's will or any codicil thereto, be construed as including the copyright in the work in so far as the testator was the owner of the copyright immediately before his death. Explanation.-In this section., the expression " manuscript " means the original document embodying the work, whether written by hand or not.

21.(1)Right of author to relinquish copyright. The author of a work may relinquish all or any of the rights comprised in the copyright in the work by giving notice in the prescribed form to the Registrar of Copyrights and thereupon such rights shall, subject to the provisions of sub-section (3), cease to exist from the date of the notice. (2)On receipt of a notice under sub-section (1), the Registrar of Copyrights shall cause it to be published in the Official Gazette and in such other manner as he may deem fit. (3)The relinquishment of all or any of the rights comprised in the copyright in a work shall not affect any rights subsisting in favour of any person on the date of the notice referred to in sub- section (1).

22. Term of copyright in published literary, dramatic, musical andartistic works.

22.Term of copyright in published literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works. Except as otherwise hereinafter provided, copyright shall subsist in any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work (other than a photograph) published within the lifetime of the author until sixty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies. Explanation.-In this section the reference to the author shall, in the case of a work of joint authorship, be construed as a reference to the author who dies last.

23.(1)Term of copyright in anonymous and pseudonymous works. In the case of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work (other than a photograph), which is published anonymously or pseudonymously, copyright shall subsist until sixty years_from the beginning of the calendar year next following.the year in which the work is first published: Provided that where the identity of the author is disclosed before the expiry of the said period, copyright shall subsist until sixty years ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Subs. by Act 13 of 1992, s.2 (w.e.f. 28.12.1991) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies. (2)In sub-section (1), references to the author shall, in the case of an anonymous work of joint authorship, be construed,- (a) where the identity of one of the authors is disclosed, as references to that author ; (b) where the identity of more authors than one is disclosed, as references to the author who dies last from amongst such authors. (3) In sub-section (1), references to the author shall, in the case of